Air filtering media



5 sheets-sheet 1 A d E IK A $4 p AW f A r- (Ill/IIIIIIIIIIII [I11 1 I ha Im c. N. ODAY AIR FILTERING MEDIA FILTER PANEL FRONT OR REAR SIDE Jan. 3, 1950 Filed June 5, 1947 FIGJ D L u R, REPEAT INVEOR UUETLANDNUDAY BY XMM/ 56L ATTORNEY D L u R,

W E EV WE S e D E Jan. 3, 1950 c. N. ODAY 2,493,726

AIR FILTERING MEDIA Filed June 5, 1947 5 Sheet s-Sheet 2 INVENTOR,

UUHVZA/VD N 0 DAY ATTORNEY Jan. 3, 1950 c. N. ODAY 2,493,726

I AIR FILTERING MEDIA Filed June 5, 194"! 5 Sheets-Sheet 5 FIG.9

INVENTOR,

CcmfLA/vD N -UZ7A Y M ATTO NEY IOIo ' DUSTY/IIR STREAM Jan. 3,1950 c. N. ODAY I 2,493,726

' AIR FILTERING' MEDIA Filed June 5, 1947 s Sheets-Sheet 4 FIG. I3 TOP EDGE VIEW MEDIA SHEETS SPACED TO AID DESCRIPTION, SHOW AIR MIXING, AND REAR-SURFACE LOADING F|G.I4 SIDE EDGE VIEW DUSTY AIR STREAM 6Z- FDR HIR MIXING INVENTOR, b FOR AGGLOMERATE 0N FRONT U A/UD Y C FDR AGGLOMERATE ON REAR BY ATTORNEY Jane 3, 1950 c. N. ODAY AIR FILTERING MEDIA 5 Sheets-Sheet 5 Filed June 5, 1947 Y A H U W mi 1 WM X w w .mN d. mam m EHF m 650 R m 0 U m C FIG. :5

MM ATTO R N EY Patented Jan. 3, 1959 UNITED AIR FILTERIN G MEDIA Cortland N. ODay, Port Washington, N. Y., as-

signor to Air Devices, Inc., New York, N. Y., a

corporation of New York Application June 5, 1947, Serial No. 752,655

3 Claims.

This invention relates to filters and particularly to a new air filtering media of high efficiency with a long serviceable life for use in producing what is known in the art as the wet or viscous type air filters.

Generally speaking, a filter media as such is the active or working portion of an air filter which extracts foreign matter (dust, dirt, lint, soil and other particles) from an air stream passing therethrough. Conventional media is made of one or more layers of foraminous sheets of various forms and materials either placed contiguously with each other, or in closely spaced relation, and held in a retaining frame to form a filter panel adapted to be removably installed in the duct of an air conditioning system.

One conventional air filtering media, known as the dry type for filtering dust from an air stream, is made of cloth, paper, cotton, fibrous Or other screening or strainer-like sheet material which is used in a dry condition. Its sheeting is foraminated with fine perforations or interstices of smaller porosity than the size of dust and other foreign particles intended to be filtered from the air and operates simply on the principle of a screen or strainer. Such a media may comprise one or many dry sheets through which the dusty air stream is forced.

The foregoing dry type screen or strainer-like filter has the disadvantage of requiring frequent servicing (cleaning and repairing) due to the extremely fine porosity of its sheet or sheets which causes premature loading on the front or inlet surface or surfaces and the plugging of its minute porosity with dust strained from the air. Thus clogged and loaded on its front surface .area, the dry screen-strainer media causes resistance to or stoppage of the air flow, resulting in maximum power consumption (usually electric) to drive the blowers which propel the dusty air stream through an air distributing system equipped with such screen type dry filters of fine porosity. It is inefficient and has a short serviceable life. On the other hand, it has the advantage of maximum cleaning of the air because of its fine porosity.

A second conventional form of air filter is the wet or viscous media of several known types. Its metallic, fibrous, paper or other material, comprising a stack or mat of packed sheets, is reticulated with coarsely formed open net-work perforations constituting tortuous air passages which are excessively larger in size than the foreign particles intended to be filtered from the air. As known in the art, this wet type media is dipped in or spray coated with oil or other suitable saturant constituting a viscous or adhesive element (usually liquid) forming a tacky media surface which is adapted to extract and arrest dust from the air by impingement, that is, either by adherence, by adsorption or absorption, and including a capillary or a wicking action when the dust comes into contact with and attaches itself to the front side inlet surfaces of the viscous or adhesive-media.

The adhering dust particles, by the absorption or wicking action above explained, become in themselves wetted and by capillarity present a freshly formed viscous surface to subsequent dust particles which impinge, cling and load on the front surfaces and sides of the stacked open- Work sheets of conventional media. This action constantly presents freshly viscous surfaces to the dust laden air stream and continues to the limit of the absorptive, capillary or wicking action of the viscous element, that is, until the front surfaces and edges of the filter media become dry, or non-adhesive, or until the build-up of deposited smug or oil-wetted dust (known as agglomerate) closes the. coarse air passages of the open-work media so that it no longer functions.

The foregoing second-mentioned conventional filter media of large size perforations (viscous type) has the disadvantage of minimum of dust arrestance and retention. This is due to the fact that a percentage of the dust fails to impinge the viscous front surfaces and thus escapes through the coarse media and contaminates the air previously cleaned by impingement with said media surfaces. On the other hand, the coarse viscous media has the advantage of maximum and comparatively free air flow, due to its coarse openwork air passages, and hence a low power consumption but, nevertheless, a correspondingly low efiiciency. After such viscous type media has dried up, its saturant spent, and it is loaded with agglomerate, the filter is serviced, that is, removed from its air duct or conduit, and cleaned, recoated with a viscous element, and again placed in use.

A third species of the above noted conventional filter media is known as the progressive or graduated-density type. It is a viscous media, the front side or air inlet zone of which has coarsely formed open-work air passages which either gradually or in stages reduce differentially in size toward the rear side or air outlet zone of the media until a fine-size porosity is provided. The larger dust particles are intended to be extracted from the air to reach and clog the fine mediafoward the out-- let zone.

Thus the combination of the two media (coarse and fine viscous coated network) .iS- not satisfactory, in respect to the power input required to operate the blowers of an air conditioning and distributing system, to the same unfavorable extent as first eir'plainedii-n connection with the ,dry screemstra'in'erxsh'eetimetlia and also'has a l short serviceable life.

Such graduated-density viscousmedia is an attempt touimprov'e' upon the coarse open wor-k media and'make itapproach themaximumcleaning capacityof the dry screenstrainer'ifine media; --buttheover-all eific'ien'cy is acompromise ofit-h'e' 'lvro;

Thezioregoing three-types of. conventional filter media, as well as all-'citherssof-wlrich' I am aware, collect-arid load-with dust only on their front surfacesfacirig the oncoming dusty air stream.

Thus conventional air .filt'eis are characterized bythe limitation :in service o'f retaining smug or a'gglorhe'r at-e- I'oadedvonly:on the front surfaces and around the side ed'ges' of the 'media sheets which nieafis that-their serviceable life is spent even though still vitali'ze'd with viscous saturant on their rear surfaces Where the air stream does not impin'ge tlfe'media.

Although never in commercial use, insofar as I am aware, there is 'anethei and possibly a fourth species or filter media (also a viscous type)',-a uggsted ifi-th'e' patent art. It is" made ofe icpa de'd sheet ifief/aland-the material also is -k'hdw'nas infialflfiit-H; It fiffiprisesfiat Sheets reticulated with open-work perforations (voids) of greater 1 cumulative area than actual surface area. Expa-ndedsneetie g more, sener'aiiy diamond-shapedopenings arid is-for'med of nar row vane surrace set was angle (inclined) to the plane or tl'ie flat sneer-arid hence-at an angle to the direction-of air airbags it. Under test,- it likewise apps 'ti liav'e thedisadva' r'itage of rr'ont-surrae'eir 'rigefiiritgpnly. Cofise q uently, when made, merit-by the-art; the-expanded sheet-media alsd'llfisarid-loads with dust only on its from: 'sur' ces tliu's failing in efilciency because riot utili'i ing its rear viscous surfaces. such media nasa snort serviceable life.

In the foregoing-there is brieflyexplained-some known types of filter media, the first mentioned being the drytypeand the latter three being viscous'co'ated types. stresses-est state of'the art, the several species Gfin'dia'i'afe characterized by front-surface impingement of the dusty air streamand heneeae 'fi'ttiti lize theviscous sat urant on the rear surfaces. Representative known types of filters have hen briefiy explained in order to better understand and compare my new filter media witlrthem.- Accordingly, the

1 problem solvd' by hiy ilivfififoii Will be more fully understood. I

My invention is basee oii'tlz'ef discovery orways and means to eflieieiitly dailies eifia-nde'd sheet material in the production of air filter viscous coated media and consists in an unusually simple means for achieving rear-surface air impingement and hence rear-surface dust loading in and on the media sheets. My new media is found to possess increased efiiciency and a longer serviceable life than known types due to full utilization tithe-entire (100%) viscous surface area within the-media depth.

As hereinafter demonstrated, this invention is "l5as'ed on a grouped arrangement of expanded sheets which cause rear-surface as well as front-surface agglomerate loading. Consequently; my new' filter arrests and holds approx-- imately twice the ai nount of dust load as con- 'ventiona'l fi ltersandneed not be removed from its air duct for-servicing and cleaning with the frequency which characterizes conventional filters.

Tliere i's no waste of the viscous saturant; the

cost of servicing is greatly reduced; and the wear and? tear on my filter pane lsifdue to. service handling is at-a'minimuii'r;

Research workinxthi's field-demonstrates that filters :now in": general-uselack.means for produc a ing what may be called rear-surface air turbulence andconsequently conventional filters-do not catch and retain'duston-their viscous .rear surfaces, thus utilizing only about one-half of their available filter'surfacel By my new grouped arrangement of expanded sheets, I produce rear-surface air turbulence and mixing, and thereby attain rear-surface as well as fr-ontsurface loading. l hus I distinguish from conventional media which performs front-surface loading on1y'-the' latter being due toila'ck of a mixing action With'inthe media. Theim'proved difference in results which I achieve is of high order, and the change in structural arrangement over the-prior art :isone of marked simplicity.

Insofar as 1 am aware; the man improvements now the-field, as well sis-those suggested in the patent art; have not advanced the viscous air filter beyond front-surface loading." The result isthat-converitional filter-panels necessarily-are removed from the ducts of air conditioning sy'sterns for servicing (cleaningand rewetting) be forethey have'expendeathe-entiret or theirvi's cous coated surfaceshence befor-e tlieyhave expended-their useful life-andthey aresubjected,

therefore, to a great dealof wear and tear duetosuch lrandlin'g operations.

Purposes of'the invention A main \purpose :is .to produce a filter media which :combines the advantages of two conven-.

tionaltypes anamely, .the'dryscreen strainer fineporosity sheet .media of maximum air-cleaning capacity and the viscous coated co'arse porosity open-"work sheet media of minimum resistance to the airflow, without having-the disadvantages of :either one of :these old .types. as heretofore explained.

Accordingly, it is a purposeof the" invention to discloseazvzhollynew-principleand produce a new viscous media by employing expanded sheets which, individually, are so placed and newly arranged inirelatioiiitoeacli other (according to my discovery) that air turbulence-and mixing is produced in+tl ie rear as well front of the individualsheets; and which causesan overall surface impingement, thereby resulting in a new Wear-surface-loading"'of=d1ist as well as con ventio'r'ial front surface' loading thereof.

Amongotheithifigsyitds apurpose also to pros videa-filter media having surfaces so formed on contiguously packed viscous sheets of coarsely-expanded open-work material that the media acts upon a dusty air stream as a whole by dividing and redividing it into numerously diverging minute streamlets of laterally twistin and advancing centrifugal multiplex patterns, thus resulting in a novel air mixing function, and by which the dusty air streamlets, which first impinge the front surfaces of the media sheets in the old and usual way, also are caused to wipingly impinge and centrifuge along the rear media surfaces in a new and unusual way.

I propose, therefore, a dual-cleaning media, one which so operates on an air stream that the entrained dust is delivered to both front and rear viscous surfaces of the media sheets. Consequently, the passage of a dusty air stream through my new media, for example, of a one-inch depth, may be said to be the equivalent of passing through a conventional filter media of approximately two-inch depth.

The foregoing and other general purposes are to provide an air filtering viscous media of greatly increased dust holding capacityone having a serviceable life of longer duration than conventional fi1tersa media of reduced depth, one which loads uniformly and over-all on the entirety of its dust arresting surfaces, and which is more adaptable to high-velocity air-flow ventilating systems.

The drawings and media assembly in filter panel form The description herein and the accompanying drawings explain the principle of the invention,

forms and perforation-shapes thereof may be used when following the principle of this invention. Figs. 1 and 2 (on a reduced scale) are entirely diagrammatic and in general represent my new.

filter panel embodying grouped sheets of expanded material irrespective of perforation type and shape-showing the Media pack as a whole.

On the other hand, Figs. 3 through 12 are mechanical drawings (full or even enlarged scale) of fragmentary portions of the diamondshaped net-work expanded sheeting, constructed in groups of four, chosen to illustrate my new media-following which there is further illustration in diagrammatic and action-form to demonstrate the mode of operation which achieves rear-surface media loadingbelleved to be the first in the art with this construction and achievement.

Fig. 1 shows an elevation of my new filter panel comprising a pack of a dozen, more or less, of identical-form expanded media sheets. The structural form adapts this filter panel to be installed with either side thereof facing a dusty air stream to be cleaned. Thus Fig. 1 may be regarded as showing either the inlet or the outlet side of the mediahence the legend Filter panel front or rear side.

Fig. 2 is a diagrammatic cross section on the usually made of sheet steel.

line 2-2 and is intended to show an edgewise view of the dozen-sheet Media pack as a whole assembled into filter panel form.

Fig. 3 is a vertical section on the line 3-3 and is labelled Side edge view. Fig. 4 is a plan sec tion on the line 44 and is marked Top edge view. Both are enlarged-scale mechanical drawings (edgewise elevations) of a popular make of diamond-pattern open-space sheeting and show, as labelled, a Four sheet sub-unit of mediahence a group of four sheets only of the filter panel (Figs. 1 and 2).

Figs. 5 through 8 are front face views of four individual diamond perforations (fragments of sheets) disposed in their four equa1-angular positions relative to each other. The series of four sheets, constituting a media sub-unit, purposely is shown separately in order that the patent drawings may reserve room for the air direction arrows and legends. It is seen that the Down and Left as well as Up and Right arrows indicate the four changing directions of a dusty air stream dividing and diverging laterally through the series of four expanded diamond sheets.

Figs. 9 through 12 are front face views, in succession, of one expanded sheet placed behind the other, in the same relative position as occupied in the previous four views, until a Four sheet sub-unit of media is assembled, as shown by the legend on Figs. 3, 4 and 12.

Figs. 13 and 14 are to be read together as a single action-diagram in an effort to graphically illustrate the function of one group of four expanded sheets which, temporarily, are spaced apart to make room for action-symbols. Note the legend-Media sheets spaced to aid description, show air mixing, and rear-surface loadingit being understood that the sheets are placed contiguously when assembled in filter panel form (Figs. 1 and 2).

Regarding the last-mentioned figures, the Top edge view and the Side edge view of the media sub-unit demonstrate a spirally turbulent airmixing flow of dusty air stream travelling in a general twisting direction (say clockwise) through one group of four media sheets. The air stream is viewed perpendicular to its line of fiow along a helical course.

Fig. 15 is an action-diagram labelled Face view of four sheet sub-unit of media pack"- hence looking into one set of four viscous sheets (showing a fragment of each sheet) as viewed parallel to the line of air flow. This view sup'e 'plements Figs. 13 and 14 in an effort to depict the air-mixing swirl which occurs within the depth of the media and achieves the rear-surface loading, as heretofore in part explained, by applying a helical flow.

Referring particularly to Figs. 1 and 2, it is observed that a conventional frame 3 embraces the perimeter of my new filter media pack 4" as a whole and grips it in assembled compact form to make a filter panel 3, 4 of appropriate size. One standard form of filter panel in general use (made of conventional media) is about twenty inches (20") square. The sizes of filter panels in general use vary in accordance with the cross-sectional dimensions of a particular duct of an air distributing system (not shown) in which the panels are removably installed, and my new filter panel 3, 4 herein is dimensionformed to such standard practice.

As is customary, the retaining frame 3 is Likewise, the ex- 'g-roupsiof four. identically formed and coarsely perfrated :flat sheetdaminations; pointed out-by reference: letters-D; L U and' R; gripped-in tightrelation, one sheet against-the other; to pr-even? vibration,- and'ito constitute -the media pack as semblyapointed': to as a wholeat' lz. This-*dozensheetimoretorzless) media pack simply comprises a: four-sheet: group repeated on duplicated thre'e' times (Fig. 2). for 'producingt'ithefilter panel 3, 4 (aszzone example of commercial practice) about" two inches in depth, more or less, depending-mama the thicknessv ofi the individual media sheets? Thezdegree: of? air cleaning required, for a-'par=- ticular air: conditioning system, determines thenumber: of 'sub-unit groups of four sheets em= ployediinithe:filter panel 3 4 'and hence=is= afac tor which relates to theapproxiinate depthqof'" its mediai'; Thegreaterthe dust load to beheld betweerr cleaning periods and" the-longen such periods-,1. the deeper tliamedia'; and hence the greater: the; number" of groups of coarsely-"per 35;; foratedi openespace media sheets D, L, U and-*R which are used.

Beginnin with-Fig. 3, it wil1be-seen=thatar description of: the physical form of any" one ex= pand'ed viscoussheet; say-thefront' sheet D, Suf fices for all. Its cumulative open-space-area-f airvoidsz-or: perforations 9 isgreatly 1 in -excess of its metallic-surface: area" composed of air-defleeting vanes which rim each hole' 92- A t'y'pi cal mediasheet may be abouttwenty-fiveper cent (-25%) actual surface areafor dust arrestanc'e andjaboutfseventy-fivepercent (75% openewerkhole?- area vfor air flow, this-relationship-b= ing approximate and not critical; it may-vary with: different makes of the diamond pattern sheeting: Thenarrow'vanes D', Ii, U and R have am angular? pitch inclined Y to the" plane of the" sheets; astis known inthe'artk The'foregoing demonstrates that the media paelnxindicated as awhole-at 4) is-'- composed"..55-

more largely oi air passage area '(voids, perfora= tiOIlSi a): than it is of viscous-surface vanes D; L};

etca. Thus" the" open-diamond patternproduces a media having coarseopen-work airpassages ofii uniform' density throughout-differing" materially' from" graduated density media heretoforezexplain'edi It is for thi's rea'son'- (excessive hole area" QFcombined with uniform d'ensity)" that thecm'edi'a interposes-aminimum of resistance to' thefiow; ofzair through it; There is l'owresist ance: to:- air-flow. throughout-the unusually long;

serviceable life of'the new-media which continues even tor the. end of? such life when approaching cf -.:thelvaned she'ets- D, L,U and'R is decreased. (as by expanding-larger size perforati'onareas' 9 imthe sheets) that-theairfiow resis'tance necessarilydecreasea In contrast -ttrthis markedad: v

vantagee (wh leha may: heavailedze oi inzfollcw-ingi: m'ydiscovery conventtonali ractice: tends toward hi'gmpercentage: viscouss surfacearea in. order toeincrease' the dust arrestingz: capacity? Such practice? results in: low percentag-e openspaceair passages with its inevitable resistance: against the-air fibw andlarge increase of-poweri consumption.

In contrast thereto; my'invention" is: based-upon aediscovery: which leadsvaway =from conventional.-

praeti'ce andi reverses the= old; form of low-per centage open-space air-passage-=area.- The hole area e offmy:newnredia is'surprisingly large as compared tothe dust arrestin'g inclined surface area-iof thewanes-D, L, U*and R4. Nevertheless;-

the percentage of dust extraction is" high; and

other 'factors are favorable.

Compensating for the novel low-percentage,

viscous surface andicompariison with convenetiimalmedid One: ofitithe more: importantifeatures: of this irrventlomcompc'isesz;novel means* to compensate the :unusual. low-percentageav (25% more or: less) inclinednvaneesurface :area; D;-Q.L, .U and R; which. arrests-and loadswwith-dustes compared with. therhighz-percen-tager open spacei area: through- I whichathe iair; stream freeiyi'flowsa compensating;.-means1 puts-4 this minimumr area media to work in a new and efiectiveemanner. Itsiunctionis achieved. in. a.simple:way-o through my discovery that-mixing of the dustladened air stream, within the bodyand depth of theemedia pack 4 compensates for the unusually small:v area of='vis'cous' surface and accomplishes thewesultsawhleh Ihavelongsought. To-prov-ide su chzm'eans, I simply-dispc'se or orlent' ea'ch expanded-sheet:of inclined surface vane area at an equal' fangle' advanced along and helically aroundrtheafihw=axis of the-air stream in the-- same oriented angular direction.- An under-- standing of the new function-'thusly derived is" aided; by comparisonzwith the known action of conventionahmedia; as next noted.

In many present day vlscous' filters; of the sheeti media type; the dusty airstream divides as-iit 'passes-in a straight line through" the fine screen: wire and' oth erforms' of media and flows straightat and head-on against the next sheetwhere-it also divides-,and -soon, successively; in,

amlinearand parallel" flow through the media. The air stream, therefore, merelyandonljz gives up; its dust 'at-the pointsand lines' of front-sur faeedmpingemerit where the air strikes against an'd'frdividesaroundtheper-forated or" wire mesh. sheetf: surfaces Thus it is seen that the divide ed: air'stream'mortions; which: fail to make di-" rect't head oni front-surface impingement,- donut give-V up:- their dust and consequently escape" through: the filter-to mix with and contaminatethe clean air: It" fbllows; therefore; that the." rearrvi'scous -surfacesof conventional media pe formdittl'e or. 'no useful work 'becauseof failure; ofi'.the2dusty air stream tc impinge-them;

In contrast to such straight-line head-on air" finwthrough conventional filters having frontsurfaceimpingementonly; my specially. rouped arrangement of fourmedia sheets in repeated unit -thereof operates toutilize the entirety of their-minimum surface area" composed of the" angu'lar guidevane's D, L; U and R which producethenovel airtWi'stingand' mixing function. within thedepth andbodypf'my newv media. 41". These flat deflectingvanesin units of'j'four. redi'vi'de and 'diverfithe dusty air stream laterally from its straight-line head-on flow and impart a serpentine twist having a swirling centrifugal mixing action within the media depth and function to produce both front and rear-surface impingement-hence both front and rear-surface loading.

Such new mode of operation not only compensates for the low-percentage area of viscous surfaces D, L, U and R, but more importantly achieves air mixing inside the media. This is in striking contrast to conventional filters which permit the escape of dusty air to subsequently mix with and contaminate the clean air after leaving the filter.

Inasmuch as the invention relates to a new angular positioning arrangement of the successive sheets D, L, U and R, the drawings first show, in separated relation (Figs. through 8), the four sheets of identical form oriented to four angular positions in order to emphasize my new discovery of the compensating and air mixing feature. This is observed by consecutive comparison of the four views, where the four sheets, in consecutive sequence, are disposed in four different equal-angular directionsillustrated here, by way of example, as being oriented or disposed at ninety degrees (90) in relation to each other around and perpendicular to the normal direction of the air flow.

Taking any one of the four sheets, say the first (Fig. 5) marked D and its large perforation or air void marked 9, it is observed that said minimum-area interconnected network of viscous coated deflecting-vane surface D is pitched or inclined at an angle to the plane of the sheet as a whole. In other words, the surface D is inclined to the general direction or the axis of air flow perpendicular to or straight at and through the media sheet. A pitch of or within a range of between 20 to 40, more or less, may be used but is not critical. This explanation of the angular inclination of the diamond surface of the front sheet D applies, of course, to the other expanded sheets L, U and R, etc., in the media pack 4 as a whole.

Now it is seen that the smaller the inclination, say angle, in respect to the directional axis of the air flow (perpendicular to the plane of the media sheets), the less resistance the sheets offer,

and, in proportion; the less is the rear-surface turbulent mixing. These and other factors constitute variables which are resolved when designing filter equipment for a particular installation presenting a set of given facts, as will be understood by those skilled in the art.

In addition to the inclination of the fiat airdeflecting viscous vanes D, L, etc., explained next above, it is also pointed out that they are comparatively thin and narrow. The drawings show their approximate dimensioned relationship to the size of the large perforations 9. In some of the expanded sheeting satisfactorily used for this new air mixing media 4, the vane surfaces are about one-sixteenth (1 s) to one-eighth (Va) inch wide; and the longest measurement across the irregularly or diamond shape perforations is about one-half inch to one (1) inch. Such relations are variable and not critical, and choices are available in expanded sheeting of different makes.

In any event, it is seen that the width of the narrow vane surfaces D, L, etc., is less than the shortest distance across the large perforations 9. This provides a cumulative open area of air voids greatly in excess of the cumulative viscous i0 surface area, a condition wholly unsuited to commercial filters unless compensated for by a means and operating mode which compels the free air within the perforations 9 to wipe the viscous surfaces.

Referring again to Figs. 5 through 8, and coming also to Figs. 9 through 12, it is observed that the identical-form viscous-media sheets D, L, U and R purposely are placed at right angles to each other about or around the axial direction of air fiow perpendicular to the plane of the sheets. Thus the angular air-deflecting network of vanes comprising the first or front viscous coamd sheet D break up, shred, divide and direct the air flow downward (as indicated by the legend and its arrows), the second angular sheet L repeats that action but directs the air to the left, while the third sheet U catches the air from the second sheet L and deflects it upwardly, and the fourth sheet R in sequence again shreds the air and deflects it to the right, thereby continuously redividin and swirling the air stream through one complete turn (360).

Next, it is observed (Figs. 5 through 9) that the four-sheet four-direction group of lateral defleeting media sheets D, L, U and R necessarily are spread out and shown separately. But it is understood that the media sheets are stacked one against the other to first form a Four sheet subunit of media 4" (Figs. 3, 4 and 12) and thereafter a plurality of such sub-units are assembled contiguously within the enclosing frame 3 (Fig. 12) for holding them in rigidly packed relation to produce the Media pack 4 as a whole.

The final media pack 4 as a whole (Figs. 1 and 2) includes about three groups, more or less, of the four-direction four-sheet sets of media sheets D, L, U and R repeated in equal-angle arrangement of "Down, Left, Up and Right (as in Figs. 5 through 8) until the filter panel 3, 4 of required thickness or depth is built up. Thus a twelvesheet media pack 4 embodies air deflecting surface laminations so uniformly staggered and arranged that they subject the air ilow to about three centrifugal mixing turns in passing through a filter panel built up with a media pack about two (2) inches thick.

Of importance is the fact that the uniformly equal-angle arrangement of the four-angular directions of the four-sheet group or sub-unit acts to prevent the open-work and surface lacing from meshing or registering, that is, prevents the vanes of one sheet from nesting down within the voids of the other. In this way, the uniformly angular advancing disposition of the engaging sheets assures that the contiguous edges of each angular air-deflecting vane bridges across the perforations 9 of each adjacent sheet and does not nest down within the perforations. This is an important feature which keeps the perforations free and open, thus contributing to the centrifugal turbulence and air mixing which I have discovered in respect to the four-sheet fourangular grouped arrangement constituting my invention.

In Fig. 12 the four media sheets D, L, U and R are contrasted by variant surface stippling in order to reveal the lines of each succeeding sheet as one is placed behind the other in the consecutive build-up demonstrated at Figs. 10 and 11. Each sheet is disposed clockwise from the preceding sheet, in order that each successive angular air-deflecting surface be positioned at right angles to the other in a pattern of equal-angle symmetry. Now it is seen that the rear edge of massa e each succeeding deflecting surface is irregularly disposed across the large open perforations-9 of each adjacent sheet-for this is a feature which .aidsin'keeping the large voids .or passages .9 open throughout the long serviceable life of the new media and contributes-toniinimum resistance to the air flow spiralling along a helical'course.

The media sheets 'D, L, U and R, when stacked :in equal-angle repetition to build up the "media :pack A, form arbitrarily irregular Hair cell pasrsages to keep opemagainst agglomerate clogging, "the "very large open-work hole area -9. The successive sheets are not matched to any particular ,jhole9 pattern when placing them in the 90 angle positions. new media is simplified and that hole or perforation staggering is arbitrarily irregular in forming the open-work large passageways 9 through the depth of the media l.

Manufacture of the viscous media pack :4 from standard expanded sheeting is facilitated by following the simple 90 angular patternas herein presented-the making up of the media in sub- :assembled sets of four sheets .D, L, U andR to a sub-unit-and then stacking as many sub-units together as may be required :for aparticular filter panel 3,13. Less than four sheets to a sub-unit, say three sheets only, upsets the equal-anglepattern of .continuity by leaving a gap or break of 180 and thus reduces the air mixing and rear- ;surface loading function at that zone in the media. Consequently, the importance of the four-sheet sub-assembly in equal-anglearrangement is appreciated. 7 Conversely, more than "four sheets to a subunitis not necessary,althoughcoming-within; the scope of my invention. 'In'fact, it :is .iound that producing'the media sub-units .in sets of more than four sheets, in order to advance the angu- -lar'relation on more frequent turns and onsmaller angles than 90, increases the manufacturin costfor in the use .oflmore than four sheets within a 36D .turn, there is a-certainiamount of "loss inrtime andsheettmaterial in theihandling, trimming and preparingthesheets for-assembly of the sub-units on equal-angle continuity in accordance with the invention.

Difficulty is met with in illustrating -this new media and moreespecially:its mode of operation .as regardsitsnew function :and .theunusual ac- -.tion it impresses on a contaminated :air stream passing therethrough. The following description, however, and its action-diagrams serve .to .portray the unusual action .and the uniform rear-surface loading of my new viscous media :of simple form. a

Description of novel operation of the centrifugalactz'on media by reference to Figs. 13 and 14 This part of my description is made by viewing the action of the media from its top edge (Fig. 113) and also from its side edge -(Fig. 14). Thus the flow of a dustyair stream H] is observed from a position perpendicular to-its .direction of flow,

Where the contaminated wind stream I8 is blow- This means that the-assemblyof the y sub-unit of the media pack 4.

12 ition sub-unit as embodied in a complete filter panel 3, 4 (Fig. 2).. In this plan of illustration (the viscous sheets being temporarily spread apart) it becomes possible to:-see and understand the rear-surface :loading of dustandthe formation of agglomerate within the media depth.

The four network sheets D, L, U andR purpcsely are shown separated on the patent drawving merely for clarity in connection with this topic of description. The temporary spaces on the drawing, between the four media sheets viewed edgewise, areamarked .9 to indicate the large-open-space area -9 of each sheet D, L, U and R. And the reference 9, furthermore, is placed at the right of thelast sheet R-to'repeat the open area of the first and next sheet D ofa .seondrsubunit (not shown), it being understood that-.aisecond sub-unit contiguously follows-repeats the first. This repetition of the viscous inclined-surface area is indicated (Fig. 2) by the twosetseof four reference characters and the legend, to-w-it, "D-L U R, D L U R, repeat.

Note also that the vaned cross-hatching.-is applied here (Figs. 1-3 and 1-4.) .in;a mannerto follow the similar representation, symbolically (Fig. 2), of any type of expanded she'eting'of the inclined-vane type. This alternate horizontal and angular cross-hatching indicates the uniformity of the down, left, up andrighflhelical course geometrically evolved in -.the equal-angle advance by the successive'orientation of the four sheets to make a 360 turn.

' By consideration of the'description --(-especially the previous topic) of the viscous mediain its preferred four-sheet andfour-equal-angle assembly arrangement, or by inspection :of the new "media. in its commercial form, it will be found that each successive open-space Qsimultaneously .receives'several divided-streamlets of air from several different lateral directions. This is es pecially true :after the minute air streams have passed through the first three expanded sheets D, L and U at the.:inlet zone andhave reached the last sheet R within the depth of the front Accordingly, let Figs. 13 and 14 :represent the .front 101' inlet zone sub-unit of the filter panel 3, 4 (Figs. '1 and 22) facing the oncoming dusty air stream l0 (heavy stipple).

Manifestly, a condition .of intense gyrating centrifugal air turbulence is produced within the peripheral confine or bounds 'of each large ,perforation 9 of. :each expanded .sheet.maximum turbulence beginning :more especially on or at the rear surface of the fourth sheet Rsince it has depth within the media. The result is that the many small and divergent redividedair streamlets strike each other from different directions to induce a mixing and lateral spreading and wiping of the rear viscous surfaces throughout the remaining depth of the media to dust load said rear surfaces. Accordingly, little if any of the dust-laden'ed air (which misses front-surface impingement) escapes the more important rear-surface arrestance."

This single "condition :of air mixing turbulence, as taking'pla'ce within one perforation'il, is infinitely amplified. This is due to "the fact that each diamond open-space 9 isrimmed'by-a hexagonal surface disposed in six different planes. As a result of this 'labyrinthicmultiplex of surfaces, and despite the large-area voids 9, which make for free .air flow and prevent :agglomerate tclogging, it is found that the infinitely broken directions and the :myriads of ccollidin'gv cyclonic i-atmospheric centrifugal disturbances cause the entire dusty air stream to be swirled, twisted and mixed in serpentine patterns and to be gyrated And at H, the air stream has been partially cleaned (less stipple) by the first sheet D and blows onto the second sheet L. The sheet L again slices the partially-cleaned air stream l l and redirects it as air stream l2 at an angle to the left onto the third sheet U.

Next, it is seen that the air stream, caught between the media sheets L and U within the perforation 9, has further lightened its dust load (light stipple) in zone T2.

The third sheet U repeats the cleaning operation and redirects the air stream i3 (lighter stipple) at an up angle onto the sheet R which in turn directs the air to the right. This completes one swirling .cycle or a 360 turn and delivers the air stream l4 (lightest stipple) to the first sheet D of the next four-sheet group (Fig. 2) to repeat, and

so on, the same cyclonic and centrifugal mixing and cleaning action along the axis of flow.

Studying further the foregoing operation, a first air flow of uniform arrows Ila, in the first cleaning zone II, shows little or no turbulence since the air flow from the first sheet D is merely diverted down. However, the air turbulence in part begins after passing the second sheet L, as indicated by the thin-patch arrow swirl l2a in the zone 12. But having passed through three sheets, the turbulence and mixing action increases, as demonstrated by the dense arrow swirl I3a in zone I3, at which position (in the third perforation 9 between sheets U and R) the air stream has been twisted through 270 only. And

'flnally, the multiplex dense arrow swirl la in the active cleaning zone I4 emphasizes that the air stream has been acted upon by four expanded sheets D, L, U and R and has attained a maximum centrifugally gyrating mixing turbulence at the end of its 360 swirl.

The irregular directions of the colliding streams shown by the multiplex dense arrow swirl Ma stresses the air and dust mixing action of the divided air streams colliding when spilling off the diamond-shaped perimeters of each perforation 9 into adjacent perforations of the next sheets-after being acted on by the fourth sheet R. The turbulent air swirl Ma is of maximum mixing intensity within the fourth zone I4 and so continues uniformly through the additional sets of repeats media sub-units (Fig. 2) to produce maximum and uniform rear-surface loading.

The arrestance of dust from the air stream it) and formation of agglomerate, within the free and open-work perforations 9 affording minimum resistance to the air flow, is also shown in 'these spread-apart action-diagrams (Figs. 13 and 14). The cleaning zones and mixing streams ll .l2, l3 and M are, therefore, again referred to for the purpose of graphically showing agglom- 14 erate build-up on the viscous media in the new and unusual manner herein disclosed.

Incidentally, it will be understood that frontsurface impingement, and hence front loading with dust, begins on the very first sheet D at the front side of the media and continues in the usual and known way throughout the media depth. Thus it is seen that dust loading builds up agglomerate at ilib, llb, etc., on the front surfaces of all the viscous sheets D, L, U and R of the media, and such action continues at I21) and I3!) due to the air stream or streams first impinging the front surfaces thereof.

Now as to the more important aspect of the media and its new utilitythat of agglomerate loading on the rear surfaces-it is again pointed out that the thin-patch arrow swirl lia in the second air-stream zone [2 indicates minor turbulence without helpful mixing. Therefore, traces of agglomerate lZc at times may collect on the rear surface of the second sheet Lbut with faint or no trace of agglomerate to speak of forming on the rear surface of the front sheet D of an inlet-zone sub-unit. However, a limited amount of air mixing begins in the third airstream cleaning zone I3, as indicated by the dense arrow swirl 13a, and causes agglomerate I30 to load perceptibly on the rear side of the third sheet U, but not with such full efficiency as to expend its useful life when it is in an inletzone subunit of the media.

Finally, and in keeping with the purposes of the invention, the last viscous sheet R (even though a part of an inlet-zone of the media) loads at Mo to full depth due to the fact that the fourth cleaning zone M mixes the advancing air with maximum intensity. This unusual condition is emphasized by the multiplex dense arrow swirl Ma, since the air spins and centrifuges under the cumulative action of all four angular-Vaned open-work sheets D, L, U and R which generates one helical turn.

Observing more closely the edgewise views (Figs. 13 and 14), it is apparent that the front agglomerate formation i3b and the rear agglomerate I40 have finally grown together on the fourth viscous sheet R. This condition ultimately is attained (near the end of the serviceable life) by the maximum efficiency of the foursheet four angle dust-centrifugin action stemming from my method of dividing and diverting the air stream in numerous laterally-flowing streamlets which are spiralled along a helical course around the axis of the normal direction of flow through the media.

Next, it is noted (sheets L and U) that the front and rear agglomerate layers lib and 520, as well as at I21) and M0, have not grown together on the second and third sheets. This is due to the fact that the action-diagrams (Figs. 13 and 14) are designed to demonstrate an inlet-zone sub-unit portion of a media pack, only the fourth sheet R of which attains maximum air-cleaning efficiency and agglomerate loading.

It will be understood, however, that the other sub-units of four-sheet media assemblies (see Fig. 2 as a whole) act to arrest dust and uniformly load to full depth, as at Mo, on all of the viscous sheets throughout the media pack 4 as a wholebeginning with the fifth sheet B thereof. Once the fourth sheet R is passed, all sheets function alike under the intense mixing and centrifuging action set up by the multiplex density of the air streams, as at Ma, laterally collid- 'ing alongthe numerous 'spirallingupaths of the divided air streams.

Let Ma and :Mc apply, therefore, withequal wemphasi's to all viscous sheets after the media =or equal-angle arrangement around a full 360 turn-obtainedby the inclined-surface area of. the open-space sheeting, results initially in a progressive loading "of dust "and ultimately in a .uniform-agglomerate front and rear-surface :loading within the :media depth. Suchfull and :equal loading makes for long-duration service :runs and is due :to the uniformity of the spirally-mixing air turbulence within all :parts of the media depth. The air-guiding inclinedsurface area (vanes) of the sheets, combined with the equal angle oriented position of the successive sheets "to produce the .helical 'air flow around the axes of the countless lateralling and advancing air streamlets, makes for uniform centrifugingof the entraineddust evenly to all media surfaces. This prevents" gob or spot load-- ing, that is, overloading in certain-areas which, if occurs, inevitably unloads or lets go, under pressure-oi the air-flo'wgto contaminate the clean :air with 'atburst of agglomerate particles.

From 'tthe'foregoing, it is appreciated that this topic is 11mm particularly devoted to disclosing the media action by observing it perpendicular to the general direction or axis of air flow in order to show the rear-surface loading of agglomerate'begin'ning fully-and eificientl'y at I 50. The importance of such action, and the function of the multiplex dense air-"swirl Ma, within one or the countless numbers of open-work large voids 9, is ultimately appreciated by observing the action of this new media parallel to and on the axis of the air .fiow-as in the next topic.

Novel operation by reference to Fig. 15

This final diagram of the "drawings takes up where the previousviews a(side edge observations) leave 01f, that-is, after the air flow has passed through the last/viscous sheet R (Figs. 13 and '14) and is turbulently gyrating at maximum intensity at Ma. Thus Fig. 15 graphically demon- .strates'the cleaning action by observing a headon or a front face view of the media pack-4 (axial flow observation) as here shown.

In effect, Fig. 15 takes the face View (Fig. 12) and spreads out fragments of its four sheets D, L, U and R, on the equal 90 angle placement around the axis of the air-stream zone I4, and pictures as well as possible one large void 9 bounding one of the multiplex dense air swirls I 4a. Previous reference characters are employed in this topic Where appropriate, but new reference numbers now are necessarily required to point out additional symbols representing actions and diverted air flow visualized only in Fig. 15.

Thus in the final diagram, the air stream 14 (represented 'by the heavy arrow band) has reached the media depth by having passed through the first four sheets of the inlet-zone sub-unit (Figs. 13 and 14). Said stream it strikes and glances oii successively, from and is :rdivided by the four. network sheets and yrates amidst the inelinedssurface yiscous areas shown in fragmentary "form at D, L-,U and R. arrow clusters at It, .i l, tsiand'ie-serve to i-ilustrate' the body of the enteringair stream lil heing sliced-up and laterally spiraHed-and'wiped off the inclined surfaces of the four media sheets toward and-into the center of the'p'e'rforation which is, of course, the large open area on "the drawing bounded by "the four fragments of the media sheets. 7

By studying the multiplexangular rel-a'tionso'f the media sheets (seethe mechanical drawings, Figs. 3 through l'2-), it will be understood that the working-surface perimeter of a diamondshaped opening!) is defined-by at least four sides, all of which are pitched at about the same angle in respect to the axis of general direction of the air flow perpendicularto'the plane of the media sheets, and. that said "four sides are indifferent angular planes with respect to each other. It follows, therefore,that a-single diamond-shaped surface acts to shred a single air stream into at least four swirls of air strata having four diiferent directions and which are colliding with other shredded streams dividedby-othei and adjacent diamond-shaped media vanes.

The unusual next-above described characteristic results from my equal-angle advancing repetition of the viscous mediasheets placed "at 90 in relation to each other around the axis orth'e dusty air flow and is the feature of my discovery of just how to make this new filter media load uniformly within its depth. Saiduni'formityof agglomerate loading (evenness in dirt deposit) constitutes a high order of advance and along step forward in air filtration by wet media because of the numerous favorable factors which result therefrom.

To continue, it will be observed that the air stream I4 (Fig. '15) is deflected in a mixed swirl of one complete turn (as clockwise) while advancing through *four media sheets D, L, U and R. The multiplex ,of air streams collide with each other from four different directions "into the tortuous cellular'openings formed bythe staggered relation of the numerously repeated large perforations '9. Such action "seems to "bring the air mixing swirl to the center of the perforation 9, as symbolized by the multiplex dense-arrow swirl Ma representing the resultant mixing turbulent pressure of :the four airstreams i6, [7, I8 and I9 colliding and merging under pressure at Ma.

Again, the air.stream-the long heavy twisting arrow band i4must be viewed as indicating the general direction of the advancing :four bodies of air [6, I1, l8 and 19 and the resultant mixing cyclonic swirl Ma. The mixing swirlMa laterally mushrooms outwardly within the media pack '4 and Wipes all viscous surfaces as it advances along its spiral course.

Concerning the air mixing function at Ma, and what it accomplishes by laterally yrating and spreading in a mushrooming fashion within the depth of the media pack 4, itis found that this phenomena is a direct cause in achieving favorable results. Apparently, the air mixing action follows this sequence--each viscous sheet of air deflectors D, L, U andrR absorbsand'arrests a portion of the entrained *dust, whereupon that portion of dust not absorbed :by the front or rear surface of the precedingsheet is mixed by the next media sheet with-that portion of air which was cleaned byzthegpreviousisheet- The mixing is continuous and the impinged clean air merges with the unimpinged dusty air, thereby maintaining a homogeneous air-mass mixture flowing through the media. The spiralling and mixing action, as will be understood by studying the side views (Figs. 3, 4, 13 and 14) as well as the face views (Figs. 12 and 15), is so intense as to prevent the escape of unimpinged air stream portions from the discharge side of the media pack 4. The foregoing action-study made of Figs. 13 through 15 brings me to another feature of this new media not yet compared with conventional practice.

The inefficiency of conventional media, in its lack of rear-surface arrestance and agglomerate loading (aside from its lack of a mixing function), appears to be due to the fact that the kinetic energy and inertia of the flowing dust particles carries them by the low-pressure areas induced at the rear surfaces by air pressure on the front and along the-sides of screen wire and other media sheeting, thus preventing impingement of said rear surfaces of present day media. But in my new media, the centrifugal mixing action, at the rear and within the viscous sheets D, L, U and R, carries the air streamlets and entrained dust laterally along the rear surfaces of the expanded sheets-with a facility equal to the action on the front surfaces thereof-due to my method of employing centrifugal force to hurl the dust particles onto the rear viscous surfaces.

In long uninterrupted runs of this new filter, without cleaning, it is found that any agglomerate accumulation, which tends to pack up and bridge across the open-space areas 9, and which in time becomes dislodged by pressure of the air stream, is more certain of rearrestance and reabsorption into the growing agglomerate mass than in conventional media. The rearrestance of dislodged agglomerate particles is augmented by the turbulent spinning and mixing action of the air streamlets which picks up, pulverizes and remixes a burst of agglomerate and resprays it centrifugally by bombarding the rear and front surfaces of the successive media sheets with the disbursed particles. This is a new function.

It is found that dust and other foreign matter is extracted from the air by my new openwork coarse (low-percentage surface area) media of the wet type with a thoroughness comparable to the action of the conventional screen-strainer fine-porosity (high-percentage surface area) media of the dry type first referred to herein. And my media accomplishes this without and entirely free of the premature front-surface clogging, the high resistance to air flow, and the need for frequent servicing, all of which characterize the several types of fine-porosity media.

Summary of the new features It is believed apparent that this new combination of features, together with the method practiced, provides the unusual mode of operation herein disclosed, leads to the unexpected results achieved, and constitutes an innovation in this field.

The low-percentage surface area of my media (making for sustained free air flow and a more constantly favorable power factor) is compensated by the angular inclination of the expandedsheet air-deflecting vanes and performs comparably with media of high-percentage surface area-the inclination of the vanes in turn performing the added function of rear-surface loading.

Then also, the uniform advance or oriented positions of the expanded sheets of interconnected network, in subunits of four, at a constant or equal angle for each sheet, around the axis of air flow, provides for equal distribution of the dust to the individual sheets within the media depth, that is, uniform loading, and avoids overloading of agglomerate'in certain zones of the media and underloading in" others. Since this uniformity applies to both front and rearsurface loading, it follows that my media holds a larger dust load by volume and weight than is usual in the field. The new filter panel, therefore,-requires less handling and servicing; consequently it remains in better mechanical condition free of wear and tear. Y

Finally, it is pointed out that the principle of the invention herein is the same when employing expanded sheeting other than the diamondshaped form which I have featured as being one of if not the most suitable type. In other Words, it will be understood that any type of expanded sheeting (which has inclined vane surfaces) will assemble contiguously and yet provide the openwork passages within and through which a dusty air stream is continuously redivided and diverted off its straight-line course and into a laterally guided redirection for simultaneously spiralling and mixing as it advances through and. uniformly loads on all surfaces of the media.

Where the diamond type expanded sheeting is employed as herein, it is usually found that its hexagonal pattern provides a major and minor axis. In other words, the uniform hexagonal inclined vanes bound an open space longer in one direction than another. When, therefore, the sheets are set successively, one behind another, at an angle of or any other suitable angle, it simply means that one of the axes of the diamond pattern is disposed at that chosen angle. In other words, the vanes per se of several sheets are not uniformly disposed at such chosen angle because they irregularly traverse each other, but it is a given axis of a sheet or of the diamond open spaces which constitutes a reference for relatively disposing the expanded sheets at an angle to each other around and along the normal direction of an air stream through the media. This and other factors are made clear by further reference to the drawings and description.

The disclosure herein explains the principles of the invention and the best mode contemplated in applying such principles, so as to distinguish the invention from others; and there is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed the part, improvement or combination, which constitutes the invention or discovery, as understood by a comparison thereof with the prior art.

This invention is presented to fill the need for a new and useful air filtering media. Since various modifications in construction, mode of operation, use and method, may and often do occur to others skilled in the art after acquaintance with a particular invention, it is to be understood that this disclosure is exemplary of the principles and of equivalent constructions without being limited to the present showing of the invention.

-What is claimed is:

1. An air filter media comprising expanded sheets packed in filter panel form, each sheet consisting of a network of interconnected vanes coated on all surfaces with a viscous liquid, and

to the planepf' thesheet with each successive sheet disposed in an orientedtangular relation t tne.p 1:ecec1,ing,=;snest, etieast .four of said s set bein emb disd as i r u in the l er media, the successiyemrientatien of the sheets of V saidgroup proyidingrarfifim rotation of vthe air passing .thenethiig, whereby the dusty air stream entering -the filtervis-divided and rediv-ided into ai mnltipliqity f small streams :which are d fi ste atera l @ndssu es Is1r 1 wit a turbulent mixing acting qng a .he1 ica1 course 'thnonghwthe ..;n1e;da :py whicnzdust arrestance n aa in s sifio said efieste s n ifu all nnatheanea raasweljl -a s =t1 e= 1 9ni: 'W iSGQllS surfaces 0f t essh ets.

tainfilt msdia ss d ssrzibed i claim and --=whe e.in th elatio therein spenifled is .the;sam,.;for-eec h successive ,wsheet in h smu I a r -,fi .er media as sieseribred in claim a d h e n he zinsma -r lation ttheriein specified is substantially at-I-ight' angles-theneigy disposingeaehjsuccessi-ve sheet A ma 99 angle to the preceding-sheetlin rtheigrou p. Q T A D- om v REFERENCES "CITED -The fol-lowing references are ,of :.necord flahe :of :patent;

I E SEATE I E S 

